本课任务：用英语完成“解释操作与工作流程”这一类沟通。英文内容为教学情境，不是用户项目事实的逐字记录。学习顺序是阅读理解、词汇例句、语法拆解、练习和脱稿复述。
- 阅读A：210词；阅读B：207词；对话：176词。
- 首次集中学习：40个词形组，对应原词表51个已观察词项。
- 语法：顺序表达；时间从句；目的表达。
- 常用句式复习：12句；补充语境练习：11句。
- 返回20课目录。
阅读 A｜Explaining a Workflow One Action at a Time
A workflow description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions.
For a learning exercise, the user first chooses a lesson, reads the goal, and opens the part that they want to practice.
After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence, type what they hear, and compare their attempt with the original text.
If a word is unfamiliar, the user should be able to check its meaning without losing the place where the exercise stopped.
When the user returns, the system needs to show the relevant sentence and preserve the information needed to continue comfortably.
These details matter because a workflow is more than a collection of buttons that happen to appear on the same screen.
Each action should have an understandable result, and the following step should be visible when the previous action has finished.
I describe the ordinary path first, then add important alternatives such as correcting an answer or returning to an earlier section.
This sequence helps the team see missing connections before they spend time polishing individual controls or adding more options.
A clear workflow makes the product easier to explain, easier to review, and more likely to support the user’s actual intention.
A：逐句中文对照
A workflow description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions. 流程说明解释一个人怎样通过一系列关联动作，从最初意图走向有用结果。
For a learning exercise, the user first chooses a lesson, reads the goal, and opens the part that they want to practice. 学习练习中，用户先选课、读目标，再打开想练的部分。
After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence, type what they hear, and compare their attempt with the original text. 文章出现后，可以听一句、输入所听内容，再与原文比较。
If a word is unfamiliar, the user should be able to check its meaning without losing the place where the exercise stopped. 遇到生词时，用户应能查义，而不丢失练习停止的位置。
When the user returns, the system needs to show the relevant sentence and preserve the information needed to continue comfortably. 用户回来后，系统应显示相关句子，并保留继续所需信息。
These details matter because a workflow is more than a collection of buttons that happen to appear on the same screen. 这些细节重要，因为流程不只是碰巧出现在同一屏的按钮集合。
Each action should have an understandable result, and the following step should be visible when the previous action has finished. 每个动作应有易懂结果，前一动作结束后应能看见下一步。
I describe the ordinary path first, then add important alternatives such as correcting an answer or returning to an earlier section. 我先描述正常路径，再补充改答案或返回前一区块等重要分支。
This sequence helps the team see missing connections before they spend time polishing individual controls or adding more options. 这个顺序帮助团队在打磨控件或加选项之前发现缺失连接。
A clear workflow makes the product easier to explain, easier to review, and more likely to support the user’s actual intention. 清晰流程让产品更容易解释、检查，也更能支持用户实际意图。
阅读 B｜What Happens After a Click
A button label describes an action, but the behavior after the click determines whether the interface actually keeps that promise.
If a button says save, the user expects the information to remain available after leaving the page and returning later.
The application should therefore explain whether the action succeeded, failed, or is still waiting for a response from another service.
A silent delay can make people click again because they cannot tell whether their first request was received or ignored.
The description of the workflow should include this waiting state and explain when another action becomes safe or useful.
We also need to think about cancellation, because a user may change their mind before a long operation has finished.
Can the user close the dialog, continue reading, or return later without creating duplicate work or losing important input?
These questions connect interaction design with the state that the application maintains behind the visible controls and messages.
I prefer an explanation that follows one real example, from the initial input to the final confirmation and the next available action.
That example gives both the developer and the reviewer a common reference when they discuss whether the whole process works correctly.
The same description can guide a later review.
B：逐句中文对照
A button label describes an action, but the behavior after the click determines whether the interface actually keeps that promise. 按钮文字描述动作，但点击后行为决定界面是否兑现承诺。
If a button says save, the user expects the information to remain available after leaving the page and returning later. 按钮写保存时，用户预期离开页面再回来仍有信息。
The application should therefore explain whether the action succeeded, failed, or is still waiting for a response from another service. 因此应用应说明操作成功、失败，还是仍在等待其他服务响应。
A silent delay can make people click again because they cannot tell whether their first request was received or ignored. 无提示延迟会让人再次点击，因为不知道首个请求被接收还是忽略。
The description of the workflow should include this waiting state and explain when another action becomes safe or useful. 流程说明应包含等待状态，并解释何时再次操作安全或有用。
We also need to think about cancellation, because a user may change their mind before a long operation has finished. 也要考虑取消，因为长操作结束前用户可能改变想法。
Can the user close the dialog, continue reading, or return later without creating duplicate work or losing important input? 用户能关闭对话框、继续阅读或稍后回来，而不重复操作或丢重要输入吗？
These questions connect interaction design with the state that the application maintains behind the visible controls and messages. 这些问题把交互设计与可见控件消息背后的应用状态连接起来。
I prefer an explanation that follows one real example, from the initial input to the final confirmation and the next available action. 我更喜欢沿一个真实例子，从初始输入讲到最终确认和下一操作。
That example gives both the developer and the reviewer a common reference when they discuss whether the whole process works correctly. 这样开发者与检查者讨论整体流程是否正确时，有共同参考。
The same description can guide a later review. 同一说明也可指导后续检查。
工作对话
Me: Could you walk me through the exercise from the first click, including what happens when a learner does not know a word? 我：能从首次点击讲完整练习，并包括学习者不认识词时的情况吗？
Developer: The learner chooses a lesson, opens the passage, and selects a sentence; they can then listen, type, and check the answer. 开发者：学习者选课、打开文章、选择句子，然后听、输入并检查答案。
Me: If they open the dictionary during the exercise, will they return to the same sentence or have to begin the passage again? 我：练习中打开词典，回来在同一句，还是要重头开始？
Developer: They should return to the same sentence, and the application should preserve any input that has not yet been submitted. 开发者：应回到同一句，应用应保留未提交输入。
Me: Please include that state in the explanation, and show how the page communicates that an answer is still being checked. 我：请把这个状态写入说明，并展示页面如何表达答案仍在检查。
Developer: I will also explain what the learner can do if the request fails, including retrying without losing the previous attempt. 开发者：也会解释请求失败后如何重试且不丢上次尝试。
Me: Good; describe one complete example before we add optional controls, so we can see whether the basic path is actually clear. 我：好，先讲完整例子再加可选控件，以确认基本路径清楚。
Developer: I will document the input, the visible feedback, and the next action at each step, then compare the behavior with that description. 开发者：我会记录每步输入、可见反馈和下一操作，再对照行为。
本课完整词汇表
词形组把常见变形关联起来，不把名词派生词一概合并。例如develop与development仍可能是独立词条。所有格、缩写和有独立用途的形式按实际学习价值保留。释义以工作语境为主；少量低频词用于原会话词汇覆盖，标注在补充例句中。
| 词条 | 词义／功能 | 原文关联词形 |
|---|---|---|
| action | 动作；行动 | actions |
| add | 添加 | adding |
| button | 按钮 | — |
| click | 点击 | — |
| close | 靠近的；关闭 | closer |
| collapse | 折叠；坍塌 | — |
| collapsible | 可折叠的 | — |
| continue | 继续 | continuing |
| control | 控件；控制 | controls |
| element | 元素；要素 | — |
| enable | 启用 | — |
| exit | 退出；出口 | — |
| first | 第一；首先 | — |
| guide | 指南；引导 | — |
| handle | 处理；句柄 | handling |
| handler | 处理器；处理函数 | handlers |
| input | 输入 | — |
| item | 项目；条目 | items |
| label | 标签文字 | labeled |
| load | 加载 | loaded、loading |
| mode | 模式 | modes |
| next | 下一个；接下来 | — |
| open | 打开 | — |
| preserve | 保留、维持 | — |
| return | 返回；归还 | — |
| scroll | 滚动 | — |
| secondary | 次要的；辅助的 | — |
| select | 选择 | selected |
| selector | 选择器 | — |
| step | 步骤 | — |
| submit | 提交表单或任务 | — |
| switch | 切换；开关 | — |
| tab | 选项卡；浏览器标签页 | tabs |
| then | 然后；那时 | — |
| timeout | 超时 | — |
| toast | 短暂提示消息；烤面包；祝酒 | — |
| trigger | 触发；触发条件 | — |
| unit | 单元；单位 | united |
| user’s | 用户的；单数所有格 | — |
| workflow | 工作流程 | — |
每个词条的完整例句
下列例句来自这套课程的阅读、对话或补充语境。例句可能复用其他课的场景，以便同一个词在不同任务中再现；总覆盖表保留来源课程编号。
action — 动作；行动 The description of the workflow should include this waiting state and explain when another action becomes safe or useful. 流程说明应包含等待状态，并解释何时再次操作安全或有用。
add — 添加 Good; describe one complete example before we add optional controls, so we can see whether the basic path is actually clear. 我：好，先讲完整例子再加可选控件，以确认基本路径清楚。 搭配：add a link
button — 按钮 If a button says save, the user expects the information to remain available after leaving the page and returning later. 按钮写保存时，用户预期离开页面再回来仍有信息。 搭配：the primary button
click — 点击 A silent delay can make people click again because they cannot tell whether their first request was received or ignored. 无提示延迟会让人再次点击，因为不知道首个请求被接收还是忽略。
close — 靠近的；关闭 Can the user close the dialog, continue reading, or return later without creating duplicate work or losing important input? 用户能关闭对话框、继续阅读或稍后回来，而不重复操作或丢重要输入吗？ 搭配：close the dialog
collapse — 折叠；坍塌 Clicking the icon should not collapse the panel unless the control is explicitly labeled as collapsible. 除非控件明确标成可折叠，点击图标不应折叠面板。
collapsible — 可折叠的 Clicking the icon should not collapse the panel unless the control is explicitly labeled as collapsible. 除非控件明确标成可折叠，点击图标不应折叠面板。
continue — 继续 Can the user close the dialog, continue reading, or return later without creating duplicate work or losing important input? 用户能关闭对话框、继续阅读或稍后回来，而不重复操作或丢重要输入吗？ 搭配：continue with the implementation
control — 控件；控制 Good; describe one complete example before we add optional controls, so we can see whether the basic path is actually clear. 我：好，先讲完整例子再加可选控件，以确认基本路径清楚。
element — 元素；要素 I describe the visible element, name the page where it appears, and explain which action or state I am trying to understand. 我描述可见元素、所在页面，并解释想理解的操作或状态。
enable — 启用 The navigator helps visitors move between sections, and the preferences panel lets them enable the features they need. 导航器帮助切换区块，偏好面板让人启用所需功能。 搭配：enable the feature
exit — 退出；出口 The user can exit the exercise and return to the same position without creating duplicate entries. 用户可退出练习并回同位置，不产生重复条目。
first — 第一；首先 For a learning exercise, the user first chooses a lesson, reads the goal, and opens the part that they want to practice. 学习练习中，用户先选课、读目标，再打开想练的部分。
guide — 指南；引导 The same description can guide a later review. 同一说明也可指导后续检查。
handle — 处理；句柄 What are you working on today, and is it different from the tasks you handle during an ordinary week? 伙伴：今天在做什么，和普通一周的任务不同吗？
handler — 处理器；处理函数 The selector changes the active category, while the handlers respond to the specific events raised by each control. 选择器改当前类别，处理函数响应控件引发事件。
input — 输入 They should return to the same sentence, and the application should preserve any input that has not yet been submitted. 开发者：应回到同一句，应用应保留未提交输入。 搭配：user input
item — 项目；条目 Could you describe the spacing as well, because I am not sure which items should look like one connected group? 我：也能描述间距吗，我不确定哪些项应该是一组。
label — 标签文字 A button label describes an action, but the behavior after the click determines whether the interface actually keeps that promise. 按钮文字描述动作，但点击后行为决定界面是否兑现承诺。 搭配：the button label
load — 加载 For example, I can say that I opened the lesson, selected the topic menu, and waited for the options to load. 例如说打开课程、选择主题菜单，并等待选项加载。 搭配：load the data
mode — 模式 The application can switch modes, but it should explain the current mode before the user enters a command. 应用可切换模式，但用户输入命令前应说明当前模式。
next — 下一个；接下来 I will document the input, the visible feedback, and the next action at each step, then compare the behavior with that description. 开发者：我会记录每步输入、可见反馈和下一操作，再对照行为。
open — 打开 If they open the dictionary during the exercise, will they return to the same sentence or have to begin the passage again? 我：练习中打开词典，回来在同一句，还是要重头开始？ 搭配：open the page
preserve — 保留、维持 They should return to the same sentence, and the application should preserve any input that has not yet been submitted. 开发者：应回到同一句，应用应保留未提交输入。 搭配：preserve the settings
return — 返回；归还 They should return to the same sentence, and the application should preserve any input that has not yet been submitted. 开发者：应回到同一句，应用应保留未提交输入。
scroll — 滚动 The user can scroll through the list, click a tab, and select the next unit before starting the exercise. 用户可滚列表、点标签页，并在练习前选择下一单元。
secondary — 次要的；辅助的 The selected option is marked with a clear indicator, and the secondary action appears below it. 选项用清晰标记标注，辅助操作出现在下方。
select — 选择 The selected option is marked with a clear indicator, and the secondary action appears below it. 选项用清晰标记标注，辅助操作出现在下方。
selector — 选择器 The selector changes the active category, while the handlers respond to the specific events raised by each control. 选择器改当前类别，处理函数响应控件引发事件。
step — 步骤 Each action should have an understandable result, and the following step should be visible when the previous action has finished. 每个动作应有易懂结果，前一动作结束后应能看见下一步。 搭配：the next step
submit — 提交表单或任务 The user can replay the recording, download the text, or submit an answer before moving to the next exercise. 用户可重播录音、下载文本，或提交答案后继续。
switch — 切换；开关 The application can switch modes, but it should explain the current mode before the user enters a command. 应用可切换模式，但用户输入命令前应说明当前模式。
tab — 选项卡；浏览器标签页 The user can scroll through the list, click a tab, and select the next unit before starting the exercise. 用户可滚列表、点标签页，并在练习前选择下一单元。 搭配：the selected tab
then — 然后；那时 The learner chooses a lesson, opens the passage, and selects a sentence; they can then listen, type, and check the answer. 开发者：学习者选课、打开文章、选择句子，然后听、输入并检查答案。
timeout — 超时 A timeout should lead to a clear retry option instead of leaving the interface in a state that looks permanently busy. 超时应提供重试选项，不让界面永远像忙碌状态。
toast — 短暂提示消息；烤面包；祝酒 A toast confirms the save action, while a more serious warning stays visible until the person has read it. 短暂提示确认保存，更严重警告则持续到用户阅读。
trigger — 触发；触发条件 After fixing a problem, I want the report to explain the trigger, the cause, the change, and the evidence that supports the conclusion. 修复后，我希望报告解释触发条件、原因、修改及支持结论的证据。
unit — 单元；单位 The user can scroll through the list, click a tab, and select the next unit before starting the exercise. 用户可滚列表、点标签页，并在练习前选择下一单元。
user’s — 用户的；单数所有格 A clear workflow makes the product easier to explain, easier to review, and more likely to support the user’s actual intention. 清晰流程让产品更容易解释、检查，也更能支持用户实际意图。
workflow — 工作流程 These details matter because a workflow is more than a collection of buttons that happen to appear on the same screen. 这些细节重要，因为流程不只是碰巧出现在同一屏的按钮集合。 搭配：the deployment workflow
语法精讲与结构拆解
G09-1 步骤与时间从句
After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence.
after＋完整主谓结构是时间状语从句；after appearing则是非谓语形式，应注意执行者一致。
对照／迁移：When the action finishes, show the next step.
G09-2 目的表达
The system preserves the input so that the learner can continue.
so that引导目的从句；主句动作服务于can continue。也可在执行者一致时用to do表达目的。
对照／迁移：Save the input to avoid losing it.
G09-3 被动与动作结果
The request was received.
was＋过去分词received，重点在请求被接收；不是the request received，后者常需要接收的对象。
对照／迁移：The answer is being checked.
相关结构补充与易错点
目的：to do / so that
to do 简洁说明目的；so I can… 表示这样我就能……。
- Send me the link so I can check it. 把链接发我，我好检查。
- Add a button to open the dialog. 添加一个按钮来打开对话框。
时间：before/after/when/until
before/after 后可以接名词、动名词或从句。until 表示直到某时。
- Back up the database before migrating it. 迁移前先备份数据库。
- Send me the URL when it’s live. 上线后把网址发我。
十二句表达复习
本节从本课选择十二句完整表达，用于TypeWords跟打与默写。先理解结构，再替换人物、对象、时间或原因。它们是选句，不代表每句都是固定搭配。
A workflow description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions. 流程说明解释一个人怎样通过一系列关联动作，从最初意图走向有用结果。
After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence, type what they hear, and compare their attempt with the original text. 文章出现后，可以听一句、输入所听内容，再与原文比较。
When the user returns, the system needs to show the relevant sentence and preserve the information needed to continue comfortably. 用户回来后，系统应显示相关句子，并保留继续所需信息。
I describe the ordinary path first, then add important alternatives such as correcting an answer or returning to an earlier section. 我先描述正常路径，再补充改答案或返回前一区块等重要分支。
A button label describes an action, but the behavior after the click determines whether the interface actually keeps that promise. 按钮文字描述动作，但点击后行为决定界面是否兑现承诺。
The application should therefore explain whether the action succeeded, failed, or is still waiting for a response from another service. 因此应用应说明操作成功、失败，还是仍在等待其他服务响应。
We also need to think about cancellation, because a user may change their mind before a long operation has finished. 也要考虑取消，因为长操作结束前用户可能改变想法。
I prefer an explanation that follows one real example, from the initial input to the final confirmation and the next available action. 我更喜欢沿一个真实例子，从初始输入讲到最终确认和下一操作。
Could you walk me through the exercise from the first click, including what happens when a learner does not know a word? 我：能从首次点击讲完整练习，并包括学习者不认识词时的情况吗？
If they open the dictionary during the exercise, will they return to the same sentence or have to begin the passage again? 我：练习中打开词典，回来在同一句，还是要重头开始？
Please include that state in the explanation, and show how the page communicates that an answer is still being checked. 我：请把这个状态写入说明，并展示页面如何表达答案仍在检查。
Good; describe one complete example before we add optional controls, so we can see whether the basic path is actually clear. 我：好，先讲完整例子再加可选控件，以确认基本路径清楚。
补充词汇语境
这些句子为词汇覆盖提供额外语境，难度有差异。先练主阅读和对话，再按需学习低频词。专门语境不必强行用在普通项目对话中。
The navigator helps visitors move between sections, and the preferences panel lets them enable the features they need. 导航器帮助切换区块，偏好面板让人启用所需功能。
The user can replay the recording, download the text, or submit an answer before moving to the next exercise. 用户可重播录音、下载文本，或提交答案后继续。
The user can scroll through the list, click a tab, and select the next unit before starting the exercise. 用户可滚列表、点标签页，并在练习前选择下一单元。
Clicking the icon should not collapse the panel unless the control is explicitly labeled as collapsible. 除非控件明确标成可折叠，点击图标不应折叠面板。
The application can switch modes, but it should explain the current mode before the user enters a command. 应用可切换模式，但用户输入命令前应说明当前模式。
A toast confirms the save action, while a more serious warning stays visible until the person has read it. 短暂提示确认保存，更严重警告则持续到用户阅读。
The selected option is marked with a clear indicator, and the secondary action appears below it. 选项用清晰标记标注，辅助操作出现在下方。
The selector changes the active category, while the handlers respond to the specific events raised by each control. 选择器改当前类别，处理函数响应控件引发事件。
A timeout should lead to a clear retry option instead of leaving the interface in a state that looks permanently busy. 超时应提供重试选项，不让界面永远像忙碌状态。
The user can exit the exercise and return to the same position without creating duplicate entries. 用户可退出练习并回同位置，不产生重复条目。
The navigation guide shows the available directions and the path back to the previous part of the workflow. 导航指南展示方向及返回流程上一部分的路径。
练习与参考答案
1. 结构识别
观察下面的本课句子，先指出主语和谓语，再圈出连接词与修饰成分：
After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence.
查看结构提示
after＋完整主谓结构是时间状语从句；after appearing则是非谓语形式，应注意执行者一致。
2. 挖空回忆
A 【1】____ description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions.
查看答案
- workflow
原句：A workflow description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions.
3. 中文转述
- 流程说明解释一个人怎样通过一系列关联动作，从最初意图走向有用结果。
- 文章出现后，可以听一句、输入所听内容，再与原文比较。
- 用户回来后，系统应显示相关句子，并保留继续所需信息。
查看参考表达
- A workflow description explains how a person moves from an initial intention to a useful result through a series of connected actions.
- After the passage appears, they can listen to a sentence, type what they hear, and compare their attempt with the original text.
- When the user returns, the system needs to show the relevant sentence and preserve the information needed to continue comfortably.
4. 迁移到自己的项目
- 用三到五句介绍与本课主题相关的一次真实任务。
- 至少使用本课五个词条和一个重点语法结构。
- 改变例句中的主体、对象或条件，解释修改后句意有什么变化。
- 让同伴追问一个细节，再用完整句子回答；不要把示例中的教学设定当成自己的实际经历。
TypeWords 导入材料
- 本课词汇文件：选择“导入自定义单词”入口。
- 本课文章文件：含A阅读、B阅读、C对话、D选句、E补充语境。
- 原文与译文逐行一一对应。模板前两条是官网要求保留的说明与示例，不是课程正文。
- 词汇文件没有伪造音标或词源；需要时可在TypeWords里补充可靠词典数据。未生成独立音频文件。